The mechanical properties of cranial bone: The effect of loading rate and cranial sampling position |
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| Authors: | Julie A Motherway Peter Verschueren Georges Van der Perre Jos Vander Sloten Michael D Gilchrist |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;2. Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;1. Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China;2. Institut für Werkstofftechnik, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany;3. Beijing Institute of Structure and Environment Engineering, Beijing 100076, PR China;4. Department of neurosurgery, Second affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China;1. Service de stomatologie et chirurgie maxillo-faciale, Hôpital Laveran, Boulevard Laveran, 13013, Marseille, France;2. Service de stomatologie et chirurgie maxillo-faciale, DHU FAST, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France;3. OBL, Materialise Compagny, Châtillon, France;4. Arts et Métiers, ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France;1. Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA;2. Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Ecole Nationale Superieure d''Arts et Metiers, Paris, France;3. Human Systems Department, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, MD, USA;1. P.M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA;2. G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA |
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| Abstract: | Linear and depressed skull fractures are frequent mechanisms of head injury and are often associated with traumatic brain injury. Accurate knowledge of the fracture of cranial bone can provide insight into the prevention of skull fracture injuries and help aid the design of energy absorbing head protection systems and safety helmets. Cranial bone is a complex material comprising of a three-layered structure: external layers consist of compact, high-density cortical bone and the central layer consists of a low-density, irregularly porous bone structure.In this study, cranial bone specimens were extracted from 8 fresh-frozen cadavers (F=4, M=4; 81±11 years old). 63 specimens were obtained from the parietal and frontal cranial bones. Prior to testing, all specimens were scanned using a μCT scanner at a resolution of 56.9 μm. The specimens were tested in a three-point bend set-up at different dynamic speeds (0.5, 1 and 2.5 m/s). The associated mechanical properties that were calculated for each specimen include the 2nd moment of inertia, the sectional elastic modulus, the maximum force at failure, the energy absorbed until failure and the maximum bending stress. Additionally, the morphological parameters of each specimen and their correlation with the resulting mechanical parameters were examined.It was found that testing speed, strain rate, cranial sampling position and intercranial variation all have a significant effect on some or all of the computed mechanical parameters. A modest correlation was also found between percent bone volume and both the elastic modulus and the maximum bending stress. |
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