Tolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impact |
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| Authors: | David Raymond Chris Van Ee Gregory Crawford Cynthia Bir |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Michigan Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, United States;2. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, United States;3. Wake Forest University, United States;4. Duke University, United States;5. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, United States;6. University of Michigan Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States;7. University of Michigan Department of Emergency Medicine, United States;1. Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 26, D80336 Munich, Germany;2. Biomechanical Systems Transport and Safety, University of Strasbourg, IMFS, 2 rue Boussingault, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;3. Faculty of Industiral Technologies, Campus Tuttlingen, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany;1. Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada;1. Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 5680 West 35th Street, Saint Louis Park, MN 55416, USA;2. Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Room 1427, FCIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA;3. Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 124 Essex, Dr. Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA;4. Duke University, USA;5. Duke University, Room 1427, FCIEMAS 101 Science Drive Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281, United States |
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| Abstract: | Less-lethal ballistic projectiles are used by police personnel to temporarily incapacitate suspects. While the frequency of these impacts to the head is low, they account for more serious injuries than impacts to any other body region. As a result, there is an urgent need to assess the tolerance of the head to such impacts. The focus of this study was to investigate the tolerance of the temporo-parietal skull to blunt ballistic impact and establish injury criteria for risk assessment. Seven unembalmed isolated cadaver heads were subjected to fourteen impacts. Specimens were instrumented with a nine-accelerometer array as well as strain gages surrounding the impact site. Impacts were performed with a 38 mm instrumented projectile at velocities ranging from 18 to 37 m/s. CT images and autopsies were performed to document resulting fractures. Peak fracture force for the seven resulting fractures was 5633±2095 N. Peak deformation for fracture-producing impacts was 7.8±3.2 mm. The blunt criterion (BC), peak force and principal strain were determined to be the best predictors of depressed comminuted fractures. Temporo-parietal tolerance levels were consistent with previous studies. An initial force tolerance level of 2346 N is established for the temporo-parietal region for blunt ballistic impact with a 38 mm diameter impactor. |
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