药用真菌桑黄的研究进展

以近年来国内外发表的文献为依据 ,从形态特征、生物学生长特性、主要化学成分、药理学研究等方面综述了文献中称为“桑黄”包括 :鲍氏针层孔菌 (Phellinusbaumii)、火木针层孔菌 (P .igniarius)、裂蹄针层孔菌 (P .linteus) 3种 ]的药用菌子实体、发酵菌丝体、发酵胞外物的研究进展。结果 :桑黄的人工栽培 (日本、韩国学者采用的室外荫棚段木埋畦栽培法 ) ,固体、液体发酵培养均已获成功。其主要化学成分是子实体、菌丝体多糖以及发酵液中的胞外多糖 ,此外还有黄酮及其衍生物、香豆素类、甾醇类化合物。其子实体、菌丝体及提取物 (主要为多糖 )、胞外多糖在抗发炎、抗氧化、抑制肿瘤生成、增强免疫力、保护肝脏、预防和治疗关节炎等方面有显著的功效。桑黄的各种产品 (包括 :子实体、菌丝体微粉末、提取物浸膏、桑黄茶、桑黄口服液等 )市场需求量很大 ,表明桑黄有广阔的发展前景。

Advance of the Researches on Phellinus spp.

Phellinus baumii,P. igniarius and P. linteus are a group of medicinal fungi that have been used as traditional medicine for a long time. In this paper, we summarize the progress on the researches of fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture broth of the fungi from their morphological characters, cultivating nature, main chemical components and pharmacological activities. The main chemical components and pharmacological activities are especially described. The results are: The artificial growth of Phellinus baumii Pilat (inoculated on short inearthed logs and then grown under a shade canopy outdoor), and its solid culture and submerged culture have succeeded. The mainly studied chemical components are Polysaccharide extracts from fruiting bodies, mycelia and the culture broth, including proteoglycan and proteo heteroglycan which consist of 72.2% polysaccharide and 22.3% protein.The sugar of the proteo heteroglycan is composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, and xylose. The amino acid pattern shows that the fractions contain large amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine and serine. Beside, flavone and ramification, coumarin, sterol, and hispidin have also been separated and purified. The compounds, with Polysaccharide as their main components, extracted from fruiting bodies, cultured mycelia, and culture broth have a distinct effect on prevention and treatment of various diseases. They are of the following use, to alleviate experimental septic shock in mice induced by high dose lipopolysaccharide(LPS), to inhibit pulmonary inflammation induced by LPS in rats and xanthine oxidase activities, to induce anticarcinogenic phase Ⅱ enzymes, to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, to prevent the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by hydrogen peroxide, to stimulate humoral and cell mediated immunity, to induce phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells, to induce nitric oxide mediated tumoricidal activity of macrophages through protein tyrosine kinase(PTK) and protein kinase C(PKC), to inhibit cytochrome P450(CYP) isozymes in rat liver microsomes, to suppress liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl 4) in rats, to prevent and treat collagen induced arthriti and so on. They can also function well in antioxidation, anti angiogenic and antimutagenicity. In a word, the extracts can inhibit inflammation, anti oxidation, anti-tumorigensis activity, strengthen immunity, protect liver from damage, and prevent and treat arthritis. Today, there is a great demand on the products of Phellinus baumii Pilat in the market, including the micropowder of fruiting bodies and mycelia, concrete, tea and oral liquid. It follows that Phellinus baumii Pilat is of a bright prospect.