2-Oxoglutarate transport: A protential mechanism for regulating glutamate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in neurons |
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Authors: | Richard P Shank Debra J Bennett |
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Institution: | (1) Drug Discovery Research, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 19477-0776 Spring House, PA |
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Abstract: | 2-Oxoglutarate (-ketoglutarate) is transported into synaptosomal and synaptoneurosomal preparations by a Na+-dependent, high-affinity process that exhibits complex kinetics, and is differentially modulated by glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, malate, and a soluble, heat-labile substance of high molecular weight present in rat brain extracts. Glutamate and aspartate generally inhibit 2-oxoglutarate uptake, but under certain conditions may increase uptake. Glutamine generally increases 2-oxoglutarate uptake, but under certain conditions may inhibit uptake. One interpretation of our results is that 2-oxoglutarate uptake is mediated primarily by a transporter that exhibits negative cooperativity and possesses three regulatory sites that differentially modulate substrate affinity, Vmax, and negative cooperativity. Glutamate, aspartate, malate, and 2-oxoglutarate itself may interact with a site that reduces substrate affinity; whereas glutamine, and possibly glutamate and aspartate, appear to interact with another site that increases Vmax. A putative regulatory protein appears to abolish negative cooperativity and increases substrate affinity in the absence of glutamine. Based on the evidence that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons depend on astrocytes to supply precursors to replenish their neurotransmitter and tricarboxylic acid cycle pools, the uptake of 2-oxoglutarate, presumably into synaptic terminals, may reflect a role for this metabolite in replenishing the transmitter and tricarboxylic acid pools, and a role for the transporter as a site at which these pools are regulated.Abbreviations used AAT
aspartate aminotransferase
- glu
glutamate
- gln
glutamine
- HEPES
N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- LDS
low-density synaptosomes
- OAA
oxaloacetate
- 2-OG
2-oxoglutarate (-ketoglutarate)
- PC
pyruvate carboxylase
- PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase
- TCA
tricarboxylic acid
Special issue dedicated to Dr. Claude Baxter. |
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Keywords: | 2-Oxoglutarate glutamate glutamine astrocytes allosteric regulation negative cooperativity |
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