宁夏地区春季奶牛场牛舍土壤细菌群落特征

【背景】现代规模化生产模式下，牛舍环境管理是影响奶牛高效健康生产的重要因素。【目的】探讨牛场不同牛舍土壤细菌群落特征，为奶牛健康生产提供理论依据。【方法】采集宁夏某规模化奶牛场的哺乳犊牛岛、断奶犊牛舍、育成牛舍、低产泌乳牛舍、高产头胎泌乳牛舍、高产经产泌乳牛舍、干奶牛舍和病牛舍这8个不同牛舍的土样，每个牛舍6个重复，共48份土样。利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析细菌群落结构与多样性，并对细菌群落的功能进行预测。【结果】不同牛舍土样细菌群落组成存在差异，并且8个牛舍中高产头胎泌乳牛舍土样的细菌群落多样性最高。哺乳犊牛岛土壤与其他牛舍土壤细菌群落在门水平上差异较大；泌乳期牛舍土样之间的细菌群落结构相似度较高。在门的水平上，拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是这8个牛舍土样共有的优势菌门。在属的水平上，嗜盐碱的盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、具有潜在降解特性的Fermentimonas和栖海面菌属(Aequorivita)及致病菌的鸟杆菌属(Ornithobacterium)是犊牛期牛舍土样的优势菌属；嗜盐碱的Truepera是育成牛舍土样的优势菌属；致病菌的不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和Parapedobacter、耐药菌的Pedobacter是泌乳期牛舍土样的优势菌属。【结论】致病菌和参与硝酸盐呼吸的细菌主要分布在哺乳犊牛岛，嗜盐碱菌主要分布在断奶犊牛舍和育成牛舍，产甲烷的细菌主要分布在高产头胎泌乳牛舍。本研究分析了不同牛舍土壤细菌群落多样性，为奶牛健康生产提供理论依据。

Characteristics of soil bacterial communities in different cowsheds in a dairy farm of Ningxia in spring

Background] Amid large-scale production, the environmental management of cowshed is the key to the milk production of dairy cows. Objective] To explore the characteristics of soil bacterial communities in different cowsheds and thereby lay a theoretical basis for healthy production of dairy cows. Methods] Soil samples were collected from 8 different cowsheds: new calf born area (NCA), weaned calf cowshed area (WCA), rearing heifers cowshed area (RCA), low-yield lactating cows cowshed area (LCA), high-yield first-calf lactating cows cowshed area (HFCA), high-yield multiparity lactating cows cowshed area (HMCA), dry cows cowshed area (DCA), and sick cows cowshed area (SCA), with 6 replicates from each cowshed and a total of 48 samples. Through the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, the structures and diversities of the bacterial communities were analyzed and the functions of different communities were predicted. Results] The bacterial community composition of soil samples was different among the cowsheds. Among the 8 cowsheds, HFCA boasted the highest bacterial community diversity, and NCA showed huge difference in the bacterial community of soil at phylum level from other cowsheds. Moreover, LCA, HFCA, and HMCA respectively showed high similarity in the community structure among soil samples. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes dominated all the soil samples. At the genus level, the haloalkaliphilic Halomonas, Fermentimonas and Aequorivita with potential degrading ability, and the pathogenic Ornithobacterium were dominant in the soil samples collected from cowsheds for calves. Haloalkaliphilic Truepera dominated RCA, and the pathogenic Acinetobacter and Parapedobacter, and the drug-resistant Pedobacter were the dominant genera in the soil samples collected from cowsheds for lactating cows. Conclusion] Pathogenic bacteria and bacteria involved in nitrate respiration are mainly distributed in LCA and haloalkaliphilic bacteria are mainly found in WCA and RCA. Methanogenic bacteria are mainly discovered in HFCA. This study analyzed the diversity of soil bacterial community in different cowsheds to lay a theoretical basis for the healthy production of dairy cows.