Contribution of an imidazole-indole stack to high catalytic potency of a lysine-specific serine protease, Achromobacter protease I

Achromobacter protease I (API), a lysine-specific serine-protease of the trypsin family, has an aromatic-ring stacking Trp 169-His 210 in close proximity to the reactive site. In order to investigate the role of this novel aromatic stacking, several mutants of the two residues were constructed and their kinetic parameters were determined. Three His 210 mutants showed lower activity by one order of magnitude than the wild-type with a peptide substrate of Ala-Ala-Lys-MCA (4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide), but 30-170% activity towards Val-Leu-Lys-MCA, suggesting that His 210 plays a role in keeping high activity toward various substrates by maintaining the active form of the substrate-binding subsite. Kinetic results of eight Trp 169 variants showed a roughly linear relation between k(cat) or K(m) values and the surface area at residue 169. With increasing size of the side-chain, k(cat) values increased, while K(m) values decreased. A systematic kinetic analysis of the activities of Trp 169 mutants toward Lys-MCA, Ala-Lys-MCA, and Ala-Ala-Lys-MCA peptide substrates revealed that large side-chain, rather than aromaticity, plays an important role in retaining the high catalytic activity of API. Due to the presence of the aromatic stacking, API shows one order of magnitude higher activity than bovine trypsin.