Prions are novel infectious pathogens causing scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) are caused by prions, which appear to be different from both viruses and viroids. Prions contain protein which is required for infectivity, but no nucleic acid has been found within them. Prion proteins are encoded by a cellular gene and not by a nucleic acid within the infectious prion particle. A cellular homologue of the prion protein has been IDentified. The role of this homologue in metabolism is unknown. Prion proteins, but not the cellular homologue, aggregate into rod-shaped particles that are histo-chemically and ultrastructurally IDentical to amyloid. Extracellular collections of prion proteins form amyloid plaques in scrapie- and CJD-infected rodent brains as well as CJD-infected human brains. Within the plaques, prion proteins assemble to form amyloid filaments. Elucidating the molecular differences between the prion protein and its cellular homologue may be important in understanding the chemical structure and replication of prions.