Restricted within-habitat movement and time-constrained egg laying of female <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maculinea rebeli</Emphasis> butterflies |
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Authors: | Ádám K?rösi Noémi Örvössy Péter Batáry Szilvia Kövér László Peregovits |
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Institution: | (1) Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;(2) Animal Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences & Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary |
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Abstract: | The movement of butterflies within habitat patches is usually assumed to be random, although few studies have shown this unambiguously.
In the case of the highly specialized genus Maculinea, two contradictory hypotheses exist to explain the movement and distribution of imagos within patches: (1) due to the high
spatial variance of survival rates among caterpillars, the “risk-spreading” hypothesis predicts that females will tend to
make linear flight paths in order to maximize their net displacement and scatter the eggs as widely as possible; and (2) recent
mark–release–recapture (MRR) data suggest that within-habitat displacement of some Maculinea species is constrained and that adults may establish home ranges. We tested both hypothesis by analysing the movement pattern
of individuals. We also investigated whether egg laying is time constrained, which would enhance the trade-off between flying
and egg laying. Thirty females of Maculinea rebeli (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) were tracked within a single population in Central Hungary. Their egg-laying behaviour and individual
patterns of movement were recorded, and the latter were compared with random walk model predictions. The population was also
sampled by MRR to estimate survival rates, and four non-mated, freshly eclosed females were dissected to assess their potential
egg load. Net squared displacement of females was significantly lower than predicted by the random walk model and declined
continuously after the 15th move. The ratio of net displacement and cumulative move length decreased with the number of moves,
supporting the hypothesis that Maculinea butterflies establish home ranges. We found that low survival and a low rate of egg laying prevented females from laying
their potential number of eggs within their lifespan. Time limitation increased the cost of movement, providing another possible
explanation for the restricted movement of females.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
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Keywords: | Home range Myrmecophily Oviposition Random walk model Risk spreading |
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