Biophysical studies on chitosan-coated liposomes

Liposomes have been used as delivery vehicles for stabilizing drugs, overcoming barriers to cellular and tissue uptake, and for directing their contents toward specific sites in vivo. Chitosan is a biological macromolecule derived from crustacean shells and has several emerging applications in drug development, obesity control, and tissue engineering. In the present work, the interaction between chitosan and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, solubilization using the nonionic detergent octylglucoside (OG), as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The coating of DPPC liposomes by a chitosan layer was confirmed by electron microscope images and the zeta potential of liposomes. Coating of liposome by chitosan resulted in an increase in liposomal size by addition of a layer of 92 ± 27.1 nm. The liposomal zeta potential became increasingly positive as chitosan concentration increased from 0.1 to 0.3% w/v, then it held at a relatively constant value. The amount of detergent needed to completely solubilize the liposomal membrane was increased after coating of liposomes with chitosan, indicating an increased membrane resistance to the detergent and hence a change in the natural membrane permeation properties. In the analysis of FTIR spectra of DPPC, the symmetric and antisymmetric CH₂ (at 2,800–3,000 cm⁻¹) bands and the C=O (at 1,740 cm⁻¹) stretching band were investigated in the absence and presence of the chitosan. It was concluded that appropriate combining of the liposomal and chitosan characteristics might be utilized for the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of liposomes as a drug delivery system.