Suppression of urokinase expression and invasiveness by urinary trypsin inhibitor is mediated through inhibition of protein kinase C- and MEK/ERK/c-Jun-dependent signaling pathways

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, interacts with cells as a negative modulator of the invasive cells. Human ovarian cancer cell line, HRA, was treated with phorbol ester (PMA) to evaluate the effect on expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), since the action of uPA has been implicated in matrix degradation and cell motility. Preincubation of the cells with UTI reduced the ability of PMA to trigger the uPA expression at the gene level and at the protein level. UTI-induced down-regulation of PMA-stimulated uPA expression is irreversible and is independent of a cytotoxic effect. Down-regulation of uPA by UTI is mediated by its binding to the cells. We next asked whether the mechanism of inhibition of uPA expression by UTI was due to interference with the protein kinase C second messenger system. An assay for PKC activity demonstrated that UTI does not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of PKC and that PMA translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane was inhibited by UTI, indicating that UTI inhibits the activation cascade of PKC. PMA could also activate a signaling pathway involving MEK1/ERK2/c-Jun-dependent uPA expression. When cells were preincubated with UTI, we could detect suppression of phosphorylation of these proteins. Like several types of PKC inhibitor, UTI inhibited PMA-stimulated invasiveness. We conclude that UTI markedly suppresses the cell motility possibly through negative regulation of PKC- and MEK/ERK/c-Jun-dependent mechanisms, and that these changes in behavior are correlated with a coordinated down-regulation of uPA which is likely to contribute to the cell invasion processes.