Effects of azadirachtin on the nutrition and development of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) (Noctuidae) |
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| Institution: | 1. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa;3. Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;4. Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;5. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;6. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;7. Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;8. Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Institute and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;1. Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;2. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 97105-490, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil;1. Department of Basic Sciences, Biology Unit, Health Track, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India |
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| Abstract: | The plant chemical azadirachtin was administered, either in artificial diet or by oral injection, to fifth instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabr.). At a dietary concentration of 0.03125 ppm, azadirachtin significantly reduced the amount of diet consumed and the weight gained by the larvae. Higher dietary concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 ppm) were necessary to reduce the efficiency of larval conversion of digested and ingested food, respectively. However, the approximate digestibility increased at the dietary concentration of 0.25 ppm.Orally injected azadirachtin (0.25 and 0.5 μg) delayed moulting to the pupal stage, produced defective pupae or adults, and inhibited development to the adult stage. Higher doses (5.0 and 10.0 μg) reduced the pre-pupal weight loss normally associated with pupation, and completely inhibited pupation. At the critical dose of 1.0 μg (the minimal dose that disrupted development to the pupal stage), azadirachtin had less of an effect on older than on younger larvae. Larvae injected on the first day of the fifth instar failed to pupate, whereas approx 40% of those injected on subsequent days pupated.The results suggest that azadirachtin affects H. virescens in a manner similar to other tested species of insects. The significance of these results, especially regarding hormonal events in the insects, is discussed. |
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