The Polar Organization of the Growing Chara Rhizoid and the Transport of Statoliths are Actin-Dependent*

Horizontally positioned Chara rhizoids continue growth without gravitropic bending when the statoliths are removed from the apex by basipetal centrifugation. The transport of statoliths in centrifuged rhizoids is bidirectional: 50–60 % of the statoliths are re-transported on a straight course to the apex at velocities from 1 to 14 μm . min^?1 increasing towards the rhizoid tip. The centrifuged statoliths which are located closest to the nucleus are basipetally transported and caught up in the cytoplasmic streaming of the cell. Those statoliths which are located near the apical side of the nucleus are transported either apically or basally. A de-novo-formation of statoliths was not observed. After retransport to the apex some statoliths transiently sediment, a process which can induce a local inhibition of cell wall growth. The rhizoid bends again gravitropically only if a few statoliths finally sediment in the apex; the more statoliths that sediment in the apex the shorter the radius of bending becomes. The transport of statoliths is mediated by actin filaments which form a network of thin filaments in the apical and subapical zone of the rhizoid, and thicker parallel bundles in the basal zone where cytoplasmic streaming occurs. Both subpopulations of actin filaments overlap in the nucleus zone.