Responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) swim-up fry to dietary calcium in soft and hard water |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Opole, 45758, Poland;2. Hongwei Institute of Innovative Design, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China;3. Department of Mathematics, AL-Qunfudhah University college, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Mathematics, Rada''a College of Education and Science, Albaydha University, Albaydha, Yemen;5. Department of Mathematics, AL-Qunfudhah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia;6. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;7. Department of Computer Science, Al-Aflaj College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Aflaj 710-11912, Saudi Arabia |
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| Abstract: | - 1.1. Responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) swim-up fry to dietary calcium in soft (< 1 mg/1 as CaCO3) and hard (> 100 mg/1 as CaCO3) water were determined by feeding purified egg-white diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% calcium from CaCO3 for 8 weeks.
- 2.2. Catfish fry fed the basal diet (0.03% Ca) in hard and soft water had lower whole-body ash and whole-body calcium concentrations but higher weight gain and survival than those fed calcium-supplemented diets.
- 3.3. Fry in soft water generally had lower whole-body ash, whole-body calcium, and survival, as well as a higher incidence of spinal deformities than fry in hard water.
- 4.4. Feeding higher levels of calcium to fry reared in soft water did not increase whole-body calcium levels or decrease spinal deformities to the levels observed for fry reared in hard water and fed supplemental calcium.
- 5.5. These data indicate that calcium derived solely from dietary or environmental sources was not sufficient for optimum health of channel catfish fry.
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