Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera |
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| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan;2. Laboratory of Aquatic Science Consultant Co., LTD. 2-30-17, Higashikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0031, Japan;3. Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan;4. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan;1. Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea;2. Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;3. Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea;4. Ifremer, LITTORAL, F‐29900 Concarneau, France;5. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China;6. Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Republic of Korea;7. Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;8. Ballast Water Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;9. National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea;1. Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan;3. Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan;4. Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, 194 Inoshiri, Usa, Tosa, Kochi, 781-1164, Japan;5. INO, 228 Koja, Okinawa, Okinawa, 904-2161, Japan;6. Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan |
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| Abstract: | 1. Ciguatera is a disease caused by sodium channel activator toxins and results from the consumption of warm water fish contaminated by the ciguatoxin class of polyether toxins.2. Other toxins, including okadaic acid and maitotoxin, have no proven role in causing human illness associated with ciguatera.3. Ciguatera often affects only a discrete region of a reef, with flare-ups of ciguatera being both temporally and spatially unpredictable.4. The ciguatoxins likely arise through the biotransformation and acid-catalysed spiroisomerisation of gambiertoxin-4A produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus and it is unlikely that other toxic benthic dinoflagellates are involved.5. Events leading to a ciguatera outbreak are initiated by environmental and genetic factors that favour the proliferation of gambiertoxins, with an apparent role for anthropomorphic effects; however, the precise factors involved are yet to be determined.6. The gambiertoxins and/or ciguatoxins are transferred from the benthos to herbivorous species (fish, invertebrates etc) and then to carnivorous fish via marine food chains.7. Factors influencing the concentration of ciguatoxins that accumulate in fish include the rate of dietary intake, the efficiency of assimilation, the degree and nature of any toxin biotransformation, the rate of depuration, and the rate of growth of fish. |
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