Metal pollution-induced immunomodulation in fish |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia 65212, MO, USA;2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia 65212, MO, USA;3. Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester 48309, MI, USA;4. Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China;2. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China;1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, VIC, Australia;2. School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health University of Tasmania; Locked Bag 1320, Launceston 7250, TAS, Australia;1. Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India;2. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India;3. Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India;1. Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;2. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Conservation Technology Unit, National Marine Science Centre, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia;3. Marine and Estuarine Ecology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The exact relationship between disease incidence in aquatic organisms and environmental pollution is not well defined. A number of mechanisms by which aquatic pollutants may act to increase disease incidence in fish have been speculated, many suggesting immunosuppression as a link in the etiology of disease among fishes in highly contaminated areas. This article will review the effects of metal pollutants on the immune responses of fish by examining in vitro and in vivo laboratory studies carried out since 1980. It will also describe how those alterations may be responsible for pollution-associated diseases in directly exposed fish. While a large number of environmental contaminants represent aquatic pollutants of concern (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated organics, and pesticides), heavy metals were selected as the pollutants for this review because of their: (a) prevalence in polluted aquatic environments; (b) immunotoxic potential in mammalian systems; (c) ability to induce tumors in exposed rodents; and (d) their overall toxicity in a variety of species. It can be concluded that a number of heavy metal pollutants shown to be immunotoxic in mammalian systems, including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zic, also alter immunoregulatory functions in a variety of fish species. These alterations may ultimately lead to increased host susceptibility to infectious and malignant diseases in fish inhabiting heavy metal-contaminated waters. |
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