Ross River virus disease clinical presentation,pathogenesis and current therapeutic strategies |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, D-17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;2. Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 91, Germany;3. Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559, Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Germany;4. Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-85764, Oberschleißheim, Sonnenstrasse 18, Germany;5. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163, Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Germany;6. Seehundstation Nationalpark-Haus, D- 26506, Norden-Norddeich, Dörper Weg 24, Germany;7. Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, D- 04103, Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, Germany;1. National Health Laboratory Services, Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa;2. Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA;4. Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;5. Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany;6. MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK;7. Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore;8. Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;1. Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China;2. Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, 410081, China;3. Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil;4. São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Ross River virus (RRV) is an arthitogenic alphavirus capable of causing outbreaks of debilitating musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans. RRV is the most common mosquito-borne disease in Australia, with outbreaks of RRV generally occurring during seasonal wet and warm conditions. Patients with Ross River virus disease (RRVD) typically present with fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia and a maculopapular erythematous rash. Treatment of the disease is usually palliative with no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies currently available. In an effort to better inform therapeutic design, much progress has been made to understand the pathogenesis of RRVD. Progress has been largely driven by clinical evaluations supported by research using established murine models of RRVD, able to accurately replicate human disease. In this review we describe RRVD pathogenesis and the role of the host immune response, with particular focus on insights from studying animal models. We also discuss prospects for effective vaccines, preclinical development of therapeutic strategies and raise important questions for future RRV research. |
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| Keywords: | Ross River virus Alphavirus Therapeutics Inflammation |
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