Beneath the beard: do facial morphometrics influence the strength of judgments of men's beardedness? |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia;2. Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University Of Glasgow, Scotland, UK;3. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews;1. Chapman University, USA;2. University of California, Los Angeles, USA;1. Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, USA;2. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4121, Australia;1. Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic;2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic;3. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Buea, Republic of Cameroon;4. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic;1. Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563;2. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92834;3. Department of Communication Studies, 2303 Rolfe Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951538, Los Angeles, CA, 90095;4. Institute for Society and Genetics, 3360 LSB, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 957221, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7221;1. Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX3 6PN, UK;2. Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;3. Department of History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;4. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK |
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| Abstract: | Converging evidence suggests men's beards, like many androgen-dependent masculine secondary sexual traits, communicate masculinity and dominance intra-sexually while effects of men's beardedness on attractiveness ratings are more equivocal. Beards may enhance perceived masculinity and dominance via amplifying aspects of underlying craniofacial masculinity, particularly the size of the lower face and jaw. Here we tested these predictions across two studies. In study 1, we tested how three facial metrics - objectively measured craniofacial masculinity, facial-width-to-height ratio (fWHR), and jaw size - calculated while clean-shaven impacted on ratings of attractiveness, masculinity and dominance of 37 men photographed when clean-shaven and with full beards. Results showed that beards exerted significant and positive effects on masculinity, dominance and to a lesser extent attractiveness. However, fWHR did not significantly interact with beardedness to influence the directions of any of the ratings, and while some linear and nonlinear interactions were significant between objective craniofacial masculinity and beardedness as well as between jaw size and beardedness, they tended to be subtle and dwarfed by the large main effect of beardedness on perceptual ratings. In study 2, we measured ratings of attractiveness, masculinity and dominance for composite clean-shaven and bearded stimuli experimentally manipulated in facial shape to represent ±50% the shape of a beard, essentially manipulating the size of the lower face and jaw of the stimuli. We found a strong main effect whereby bearded stimuli enhanced dominance and masculinity ratings over clean-shaven stimuli. Increasing the size of the lower face and jaw augmented ratings of masculinity and dominance in clean-shaven stimuli but did not exert strong effects within bearded stimuli. Attractiveness ratings were highest for bearded faces with smaller jaws followed by bearded and clean-shaven faces with larger jaws and lowest for clean-shaven faces with small jaws. Taken together, our findings suggest that beards exert main effects on masculinity and dominance possibly by amplifying male typical facial shape. Attractiveness ratings of facial hair may reflect a compromise between overly dominant looking faces with larger jaws and the additive effects beardedness has on these ratings. |
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