The pregenital abdomen of Enicocephalomorpha and morphological evidence for different modes of communication at the dawn of heteropteran evolution |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK;2. Department of Entomology, Moravian Museum, Hviezdoslavova 29a, Brno CZ-627 00, Czech Republic;3. Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;2. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;3. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d''Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France;4. Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;5. Goglio (Tianjin) Packaging Co. Ltd, No. 99, West 11th Avenue, Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China;6. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China;1. College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China;2. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA;3. Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;4. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA;1. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N Eagleville Road Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;1. School of GeoSciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;4. Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza Street, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland |
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| Abstract: | The internal and external anatomy of the posterior metathoracic region, pregenital abdomen, and associated nervous system of the heteropteran infraorder Enicocephalomorpha are thoroughly described, using an array of state-of-the art techniques. Based on morphology, it is hypothesised which modes of communication these insects use. This study is based primarily on an undescribed species of Cocles Bergroth, 1905 (Enicocephalidae) and another undescribed species of Lomagostus Villiers, 1958 (Aenictopecheidae), but additional representatives of the infraorder are also examined. Our results are compared with the literature on other Heteroptera. The metathoracic scent gland system of Enicocephalomorpha uses the same muscles as that of more derived Heteroptera, although the efferent system is different. The presence of a tergal plate and well-developed longitudinal musculature in the families Enicocephalidae and Aenictopecheidae, as well as a sexually dimorphic set of sclerites and membranes that allow an as yet undetermined type of motion, may indicate the presence of vibrational signaling in the infraorder, although experimental confirmation is required. Our findings raise new research questions regarding heteropteran functional morphology and communication. |
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| Keywords: | Aenictopecheidae Enicocephalidae Musculature Nervous system Scent gland Vibrational signaling |
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