Head anatomy of adult Coniopteryx pygmaea : Effects of miniaturization and the systematic position of Coniopterygidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) |
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| Institution: | 1. Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria;2. University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;1. Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;1. Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany;2. Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;1. Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy;2. Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan;3. Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;1. Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad de la Sierra Juárez, Av. Universidad s/n, 6872 Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico;2. Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70–153, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico;3. Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado postal 55535, 09340 México, D. F., Mexico;1. Departament d''Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués s/n, Barcelona E-08071, Spain;2. Department of Life Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | External and internal head structures of adult Coniopteryx pygmaea Enderlein, 1906, one of the smallest known lacewings, are described in detail for the first time. Possible effects of miniaturization and two hypotheses on the phylogenetic position of Coniopterygidae are evaluated and compared with data from literature. Several convergent modifications in C. pygmaea and other miniaturized insect species are outlined, e.g., a relative increase in the size of the brain, simplification of the tracheal system with respect to the number of tracheae, and reduction of the number of ommatidia and diameter of the facets. Further, the ocular ridge is bell-shaped and countersunk into the head capsule. The cuticle is weakly sclerotized and equipped with wax glands which are unique in Neuroptera. The total number of muscles is not affected by miniaturization. The phylogenetic analysis yields Coniopterygidae as sistergroup to the dilarid clade based on one larval character, the shape of the stylets. The enforced basal position of Coniopterygidae is supported by one disputable synapomorphy of the remaining Neuroptera, the presence of paraglossae in adults. |
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| Keywords: | Musculature M ampullotentorialis M stipitopalpalis medialis M tentoriosuspensorialis Hypopharyngeal transverse bar Hypostomal bridge Wax glands Phylogeny |
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