Intranasal immunization with H5N1 vaccine plus Poly I:Poly C12U, a Toll-like receptor agonist, protects mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenge

The avian H5N1 influenza virus has the potential to cause a new pandemic. Since it is difficult to predict which strain of influenza will cause a pandemic, it is advantageous to produce vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity. Mucosal vaccine administration was reported to induce cross-protective immunity by inducing secretion of IgA at the mucosal surface. Adjuvants can also enhance the development of fully protective mucosal immunity. Here we show that a new mucosal adjuvant, poly I:poly C12U (Ampligen), a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist proven to be safe in a Phase III human trial, is an effective adjuvant for H5N1 influenza vaccination. Intranasal administration of a candidate influenza vaccine with Ampligen resulted in secretion of IgA, and protected mice that were subsequently challenged with homologous A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and heterologous A/HK/483/97 and A/Indonesia/6/2005 virus.