Antifouling activity exhibited by secondary metabolites of the marine sponge,Haliclona exigua (Kirkpatrick) |
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| Authors: | VP Limna Mol TV Raveendran PS Parameswaran |
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| Institution: | 1. National Institute of Oceanography (Regional Centre), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, (CSIR) Kochi, India;2. National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, (CSIR) Dona Paula, Goa, India;1. Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States;2. National Energy Technology Laboratory-Regional University Alliance, United States;3. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, United States;1. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras – INVEMAR, Cerro Punta de Betín, Santa Marta, Colombia;2. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas – CIDEPINT, 52 e/121 y 122, La Plata, Argentina;3. Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Argentina;4. Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Argentina;1. Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine;2. Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany;3. Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;4. Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;5. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany;6. BromMarin GmbH, Wernerstraße 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;7. Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia;8. Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA;9. International Institute of Biomineralization GmbH, Talweg 26, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;10. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia;11. P.A. Hertsen Moscow Research Oncology Institute, Botkinskii p.3, 125284 Moscow, Russia;1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, China;1. Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 2, 60965 Poznań, Poland;2. Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;3. Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohestraße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;4. Carl-Gustav-Carus Klinikum, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;5. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 27708 Durham, NC, USA;6. Institut für NE-Metallurgie und Reinststoffe, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;7. Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel;8. Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS Ukraine, Pereyaslavskaya str. 23, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine |
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| Abstract: | Bioassay guided purification of the acetone extract of the marine sponge, Haliclona exigua, (Gulf of Mannar, India) yielded a fraction rich in bis-1-oxaquinolizidine alkaloids, active against seven strains of fouling bacteria as well as cyprids of the cosmopolitan barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. The major alkaloids in the mixture have been tentatively identified as nor-araguspongine C (33.76%), araguspongine C (6.49%), dihydroxy araguspongine (36.36%), methyl and dimethyl derivatives of the latter (12.98 and 10.38%, respectively) from HRMS studies. The lower EC50 (6.6 μg/ml as against the US Navy standard of 25 μg/ml for NPAs) and low toxicity (LC50 18 μg/ml as compared to 0.00001 μg/ml for TBT) values, coupled with its favourable therapeutic ratio (2.7 as against the requirement of >1) makes these compounds ideal NPAs in environmentally compatible antifouling coatings. |
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