Glutamatergic chemical transmission: look! Here, there, and anywhere |
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Authors: | Moriyama Yoshinori Yamamoto Akitsugu |
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Institution: | Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530. moriyama@pheaant.pharm.okayama-u.ac.jp |
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Abstract: | Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) is responsible for the active transport of L-glutamate in synaptic vesicles and thus plays an essential role in the glutamatergic chemical transmission in the central nervous system. VGLUT comprises three isoforms, VGLUT1, 2, and 3, and is a potential marker for the glutamatergic phenotype. Recent studies indicated that VGLUT is also expressed in non-neuronal cells, and localized with various organelles such as synaptic-like microvesicles in the pineal gland, and hormone-containing secretory granules in endocrine cells. L-Glutamate is stored in these organelles, secreted upon various forms of stimulation, and then acts as a paracrine-like modulator. Thus, VGLUTs highlight a novel framework of glutamatergic signaling and reveal its diverse modes of action. |
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