Mining lakes in a disturbed landscape: Application of the EC Water Framework Directive and future management strategies |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Dutch Malnutrition Steering Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Department of Health Economics & Health Technology Assessment, Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection 52425 Jülich, Germany;2. Khujand State University, Department of Physics 735700 Khujand, Tajikistan;1. School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0996, USA;2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China;1. Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Complementares, Rua 5 Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal;2. CEF – Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospitals, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;4. CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Some of the several hundred Lusatian mining lakes originating from lignite mining will be among the largest and deepest lakes in Germany. A special problem of many of these lakes is severe acidification. According to the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD), artificial lakes larger than 0.5 km2 have to be monitored and managed in order to establish or maintain a state of so-called good ecological water quality. Therefore the WFD demands the definition of type-specific reference conditions as those of the closest comparable surface water body type in nature, such as natural acidic volcanic crater lakes or oligo- to mesotrophic neutral hard water lakes. We propose a classification scheme for mining lakes applying acidity and planktonic colonization as criteria. Five types of lakes are distinguished ranging from extremely acidic to neutral hard water lakes. Phytoplankton and especially metazoan zooplankton are introduced as intriguing and simple indicators for different states of ecological quality in highly acidic mining lakes. We recommend that extremely and very acidic lakes should remain in the acidic state to protect these as valuable ecosystems, whereas moderately and weakly acidic lakes can be managed by external flooding, chemical or ecotechnological measures to achieve neutral water quality conditions necessary for recreation or fishery use. |
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