Environmental parasitology: stressor effects on aquatic parasites |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;2. Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;3. Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;4. Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway;1. National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;1. ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;2. Hochschule Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany;3. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK;1. Laboratory of Parasitology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;2. Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;1. Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;1. School of Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;2. British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;3. Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK;4. Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;5. Department of Eye & Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;6. Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, Blantyre, Malawi;7. St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK;8. Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;9. Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;1. Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology BC CAS, Branišovska 31, Česke Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic;2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split 21000, Croatia;3. Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Anthropogenic stressors are causing fundamental changes in aquatic habitats and to the organisms inhabiting these ecosystems. Yet, we are still far from understanding the diverse responses of parasites and their hosts to these environmental stressors and predicting how these stressors will affect host–parasite communities. Here, we provide an overview of the impacts of major stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems in the Anthropocene (habitat alteration, global warming, and pollution) and highlight their consequences for aquatic parasites at multiple levels of organisation, from the individual to the community level. We provide directions and ideas for future research to better understand responses to stressors in aquatic host–parasite systems. |
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