Paradigms in tick evolution |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa;2. Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa;2. Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA;1. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA;1. Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;2. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;1. School of Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;2. British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;3. Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK;4. Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;5. Department of Eye & Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;6. Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, Blantyre, Malawi;7. St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK;8. Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;9. Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;2. McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;3. McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;4. Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;5. McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;1. Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA;2. University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland;3. Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK |
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| Abstract: | The study of tick evolution may be classified into disciplines such as taxonomy and systematics, biogeography, evolution and development (evo-devo), ecology, and hematophagy. These disciplines overlap and impact each other to various extents. Advances in one field may lead to paradigm shifts in our understanding of tick evolution not apparent to other fields. The current study considers paradigm shifts that occurred, are in the process, or may occur in future for the disciplines that study tick evolution. Some disciplines have undergone significant changes, while others may still be developing their own paradigms. Integration of these various disciplines is essential to come to a holistic view of tick evolution; however, maturation of paradigms may be necessary before this vision can be attained. |
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