Social factors increase fecal testosterone levels in wild male gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) |
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| Authors: | Arlet Małgorzata E Kaasik Ants Molleman Freerk Isbell Lynne Carey James R Mänd Raivo |
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| Institution: | a Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, Tartu, 51014, Estoniab Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USAc Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USAd Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA |
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| Abstract: | Testosterone can be expected to play a significant role in mediating behavior and life history in social animals, but the number of species with data from the wild is still too small to make generalizations. We investigated the influence of social factors (social status, aggression, and reproductive females) and environmental variation (rainfall and temperature) on fecal testosterone concentrations in wild male gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) living in five groups in Kibale National Park, Uganda. This species is phylogenetically closely related to baboons, but is arboreal, with multi-male, multi-female groups rarely exceeding 20 individuals. We analyzed 358 fecal samples from 21 adult males. We found that the highest-ranking males had the highest testosterone concentrations while immigrant males had the lowest testosterone concentrations. Aggression was not correlated with testosterone levels. The presence of females with sexual swellings at their most tumescent stage increased testosterone concentrations in all males. Finally, individuals tended to have lower testosterone when the temperature was higher. |
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| Keywords: | Aggression Social status Peak-swelling females |
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