中国内陆湿地生态系统服务价值评估——以71个湿地案例点为数据源

湿地生态系统为人类生存和发展提供了多种服务功能,不仅包括水资源、水产品等直接输出功能,还包括调蓄洪水、净化水质、调节大气成分等调节服务功能和文化服务功能。通过对已经发表湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关的文献进行搜集和整理,得到全国71个湿地案例点的价值评价数据,在此基础上对湿地生态系统各项服务功能在全国各区域的生态系统价值量进行对比分析。全国湿地价值评价结果显示,按照各项服务功能按照价值量高低排序依次为调节气候调蓄洪水涵养水源净化水质保持土壤产品输出固碳释氧生物栖息地旅游休闲科研教育。在对全国湿地进行分区分析得知,东北平原及山区、东部地区和青藏高原地区在各项调节、供给服务功能方面发挥着显著的积极作用,这3个区域同时也是我国湿地的密集分布区。结合不同地理分区下的湿地生态系统服务功能价值量特点,可以实现区域发展与湿地生态环境研究的协同发展,并能够为湿地的保护和建设起到科学、合理的参考方案。

Ecosystem service valuation research of Chinese inland wetlands based on case study

Wetlands support ecosystems with great biodiversity all over the world, which are highly productive and valuable, also provide a large array of benefits to human well-being society. The ecosystem services refer to the actual and potential benefits provided to human beings by wetlands, which include provisioning services, such as timber, food and water; regulating services, such as regional climate regulation and flood regulation; supporting services, such as soil formation, biodiversity and nutrient cycling; and cultural services, such as recreational and aesthetic. On one hand, wetland ecosystems are confronted with serious degradation due to human activities such as industry pollution and overexploitation; On the other hand, the demand for wetland ecosystem services is rapidly increasing as populations and living quality increase in recent years, but the public characteristics of the goods and services they provide often result in wetland being undervalued in policy and decision making. The importance of wetland ecosystem to human well-beings has many aspects (ecological, social, economic and so on), and evaluating the ecosystem services in monetary units is an effective tool to raise protection awareness of wetland to citizen, which could promote the transform form traditional national economy calculation system to the integrated calculation system of economy-environment. Through selecting open published literatures related to wetland ecosystem service valuation all over China, this study collected 68 papers, from which 71 primary cases about wetland valuation were obtained, including marsh, lake and river wetland. Data in the primary cases should include individual wetland location, area, type, ecosystem services and the value, and then the dataset of wetland ecosystem service value in SPSS software was constructed. The wetland service value of each type in the dataset was standardized to the unit 10⁴ yuan km^-2 a^-1 in 2008 by GDP indices. Valuation results of various wetland ecosystem service types and location were compared and analyzed. The conclusions of this study are: (1) the wetland ecosystem valuation result of each service type is as follows: climate regulation > water regulation > water retention > waste treatment > soil retention > production > carbon regulation > oxygen regulation > habitat > tourism > science, which also means the contribution degree of each service type in wetlands to the environment. (2) There has certain positive correlation between wetland area and ecosystem service value, which was verified after data collection and processing from case studies. However the quantitative relationship between wetland value result and multiple factors are still in progress, which need further research. (3) Through wetland ecosystem value analysis and comparison at regional scale, the wetlands in northeast plain and mountains region, east region and Qinghai-Tibet plateau have obvious and positive effect at regulation and supply functions, where also have concentrated distribution of wetland. Considering the value characteristic of wetland ecosystem service at different geographical regions could help to realize the coordinated development between regional economy and environmental ecology, thus providing scientific and reliable reference scheme for wetland conservation and development.