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The clearwater consensus: the estimation of metal hazard in fresh water |
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| Authors: | Miriam L. Diamond Nilima Gandhi William J. Adams John Atherton Satyendra P. Bhavsar Cécile Bulle Peter G. C. Campbell Alain Dubreuil Anne Fairbrother Kevin Farley Andrew Green Jeroen Guinee Michael Z. Hauschild Mark A. J. Huijbregts Sébastien Humbert Karen S. Jensen Olivier Jolliet Manuele Margni James C. McGeer Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg Ralph Rosenbaum Dik van de Meent Martina G. Vijver |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Geography, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada 2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada 3. Rio Tinto, 7760 N. Boulder Drive, Lakepoint, UT, 84074, USA 4. ICMM 35/38 Portman Square, London, W1H 6LR, UK 5. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada 6. Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-montpetit, P.O. Box?6079, Stn. Centre-ville, Montreal, QU, H3C 3A7, Canada 7. Institute National de la Recherché Scientifique, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QU, G1K 9A9, Canada 8. Mining and Mineral Sciences Labs, CANMET, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0G1, Canada 9. Exponent, 15375 SE 30th place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA 10. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY, 10471-4098, USA 11. International Zinc Association, 1822 E NC Highway 54, Suite 120, Durham, NC, 27713, USA 12. Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Leiden, P.O. Box?9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands 13. Technical University of Denmark, DTU-MAN, Building 424, 280, Lyngby, Denmark 14. Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500, Nijmegan, The Netherlands 15. Rue Verte, 1261, Le Vaud, Switzerland 16. Department of Basic Science and Environment, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark 17. School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA 18. Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada 19. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box?1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Background, aim, and scopeTask Force 3 of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative has been working towards developing scientifically sound methods for quantifying impacts of substances released into the environment. The Clearwater Consensus follows from the Lausanne (Jolliet et al. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11:209–212, 2006) and Apeldoorn (Apeldoorn Int J Life Cycle Assess 9(5):334, 2004) statements by recommending an approach to and identifying further research for quantifying comparative toxicity potentials (CTPs) for ecotoxicological impacts to freshwater receptors from nonferrous metals. The Clearwater Consensus describes stages and considerations for calculating CTPs that address inconsistencies in assumptions and approaches for organic substances and nonferrous metals by focusing on quantifying the bioavailable fraction of a substance.MethodsA group of specialists in Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, metal chemistry, and ecotoxicology met to review advances in research on which to base a consensus on recommended methods to calculate CTPs for metals.Conclusions and recommendationsConsensus was reached on introducing a bioavailability factor (BF) into calculating CTPs where the BF quantifies the fraction of total dissolved chemical that is truly dissolved, assuming that the latter is equivalent to the bioavailable fraction. This approach necessitates calculating the effects factor, based on a HC50EC50, according to the bioavailable fraction of chemical. The Consensus recommended deriving the BF using a geochemical model, specifically WHAM VI. Consensus was also reached on the need to incorporate into fate calculations the speciation, size fractions, and dissolution rates of metal complexes for the fate factor calculation. Consideration was given to the characteristics of the evaluative environment defined by the multimedia model, which is necessary because of the dependence of metal bioavailability on water chemistry. |
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