Introduced deer reduce native plant cover and facilitate invasion of non-native tree species: evidence for invasional meltdown |
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Authors: | María Andrea Relva Martin A Nuñez Daniel Simberloff |
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Institution: | 1.Laboratorio Ecotono, Inibioma-Conicet,Universidad Nacional del Comahue,Bariloche, Río Negro,Argentina;2.Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,USA |
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Abstract: | Invasive species are a major threat to native communities and ecosystems worldwide. One factor frequently invoked to explain
the invasiveness of exotic species is their release in the new habitat from control by natural enemies (enemy-release hypothesis).
More recently, interactions between exotic species have been proposed as a potential mechanism to facilitate invasions (invasional
meltdown hypothesis). We studied the effects of introduced deer on native plant communities and exotic plant species on an
island in Patagonia, Argentina using five 400 m2 exclosures paired with control areas in an Austrocedrus
chilensis native forest stand. We hypothesized that introduced deer modify native understory composition and abundance and facilitate
invasion of introduced tree species that have been widely planted in the region. After 4 years of deer exclusion, native Austrocedrus and exotic Pseudotsuga
menziesii tree sapling abundances are not different inside and outside exclosures. However, deer browsing has strongly inhibited growth
of native tree saplings (relative height growth is 77% lower with deer present), while exotic tree sapling growth is less
affected (relative height growth is 3.3% lower). Deer significantly change abundance and composition of native understory
plants. Cover of native plants in exclosures increased while cover in controls remained constant. Understory composition in
exclosures after only 4 years differs greatly from that in controls, mainly owing to the abundance of highly-browsed native
species. This study shows that introduced deer can aid the invasion of non-native tree species through negatively affecting
native plant species. |
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