A generalized physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling system for chemical mixtures containing metals |
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Authors: | Alan F Sasso Sastry S Isukapalli Panos G Georgopoulos |
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Affiliation: | (1) Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, A joint institute of UMDNJ - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA;(2) UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA;(3) Rutgers University Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA |
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Abstract: | Background Humans are routinely and concurrently exposed to multiple toxic chemicals, including various metals and organics, often at levels that can cause adverse and potentially synergistic effects. However, toxicokinetic modeling studies of exposures to these chemicals are typically performed on a single chemical basis. Furthermore, the attributes of available models for individual chemicals are commonly estimated specifically for the compound studied. As a result, the available models usually have parameters and even structures that are not consistent or compatible across the range of chemicals of concern. This fact precludes the systematic consideration of synergistic effects, and may also lead to inconsistencies in calculations of co-occurring exposures and corresponding risks. There is a need, therefore, for a consistent modeling framework that would allow the systematic study of cumulative risks from complex mixtures of contaminants. |
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