On the relative stability of tetragonal and trigonal Cu(II) complexes with relevance to the blue copper proteins |
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Authors: | Mats H M Olsson U Ryde Björn O Roos Kristine Pierloot |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax: +46-46-222 45 43; e-mail: teoulf@garm.teokem.lu.se, SE;(2) Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium, BE |
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Abstract: | The role of the cysteine thiolate ligand for the unusual copper coordination geometry in the blue copper proteins has been
studied by comparing the electronic structure, geometry, and energetics of a number of small Cu(II) complexes. The geometries
have been optimised with the density functional B3LYP method, and energies have been calculated by multiconfigurational second-order
perturbation theory (the CASPT2 method).
Most small inorganic Cu(II) complexes assume a tetragonal geometry, where four ligands make σ bonds to a Cu 3d orbital. If a ligand lone-pair orbital instead forms a π bond to the copper ion, it formally occupies two ligand positions
in a square coordination, and the structure becomes trigonal. Large, soft, and polarisable ligands, such as SH– and SeH–, give rise to covalent copper-ligand bonds and structures close to a tetrahedron, which might be trigonal or tetragonal with
approximately the same stability. On the other hand, small and hard ligands, such as NH3, OH2, and OH–, give ionic bonds and flattened tetragonal structures.
It is shown that axial type 1 (blue) copper proteins have a trigonal structure with a π bond to the cysteine sulphur atom,
whereas rhombic type 1 and type 2 proteins have a tetragonal structure with σ bonds to all strong ligands. The soft cysteine
ligand is essential for the stabilisation of a structure that is close to a tetrahedron (either trigonal or tetragonal), which
ensures a low reorganisation energy during electron transfer.
Received: 9 July 1997 / 26 November 1997 |
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Keywords: | Blue copper proteins Copper thiolate Quantum chemical calculations Rhombic type 1 copper proteins Trigonal copper complexes |
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