Exercise versus immersion: antagonistic effects on water and electrolyte metabolism during swimming

Changes in blood composition, renal function, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were investigated in 10 untrained male subjects when swimming (60 min at a heart rate of about 155 beats.min-1, water temperature 28 degrees C) and during the subsequent 3 h in a sitting position. Many specific effects of either exercise or immersion were abolished or attenuated; no significant changes in plasma aldosterone, ADH], K+], Cl-], or of urinary volume, glomerular filtration rate, free water or osmolar clearance were observed. The urine was diluted resulting in lowered Na+]. In blood some quantities which are only slightly influenced by immersion increased during swimming (Na+], Lac-], H+], osmolality, creatinine]). Exercise induced plasma volume loss, calculated from increasing Hb], was small (110 ml), probably because interstitial fluid enters the vascular space during the initial phase of immersion. One might anticipate that the training effects on fluid and electrolyte metabolism and circulation are different when swimming and when performing endurance sports on land.