Cold hardiness in summer and winter diapause and post-diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. under temperature acclimation

Cold hardiness and biochemical changes were investigated in winter and summer pupae of the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae at the diapause and post-diapause stages under temperature acclimation. Diapause pupae were successively acclimated to 25, 20 and then 10 degrees C (warm-acclimated group). Pupae at the diapause and post-diapause stages were successively acclimated to 5, 0, -5 and then -10 degrees C (cold-acclimated groups). Supercooling point values in winter and summer pupae remained constant regardless of the diapause stages and acclimated temperatures. Warm-acclimated pupae at the diapause stage did not survive the subzero temperature exposure, whereas, cold-acclimated pupae achieved cold hardiness to various degrees. Winter pupae were more cold hardy than summer pupae, and pupae at the post-diapause stage were more cold hardy than those at the diapause stage. Trehalose contents in winter pupae rose under cold acclimation. Summer pupae accumulated far lower trehalose contents than winter pupae, with the maximal level occurring in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage. Glycogen content remained at a high level in diapause pupae after warm acclimation, whereas it decreased after cold acclimation. Alanine, the main free amino acid in haemolymph after cold acclimation, increased at lower temperatures in both diapause and post-diapause pupae, but the increase was greater in the diapause pupae. These results suggest that cold hardiness is more fully developed in winter pupae than in summer pupae, and cold acclimation provides higher cold hardiness in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage than at the diapause stage.