The increasing role of phosphatidylethanolamine as a lipid receptor in the action of host defence peptides |
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Affiliation: | 1. Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds University, Leeds, UK;3. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;1. Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain;3. Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada |
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Abstract: | Host defence peptides (HDPs) are antimicrobial agents produced by organisms across the prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms. Many prokaryotes produce HDPs, which utilise lipid and protein receptors in the membranes of bacterial competitors to facilitate their antibacterial action and thereby survive in their niche environment. As a major example, it is well established that cinnamycin and duramycins from Streptomyces have a high affinity for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and exhibit activity against other Gram-positive organisms, such as Bacillus. In contrast, although eukaryotic HDPs utilise membrane interactive mechanisms to facilitate their antimicrobial activity, the prevailing view has long been that these mechanisms do not involve membrane receptors. However, this view has been recently challenged by reports that a number of eukaryotic HDPs such as plant cyclotides also use PE as a receptor to promote their antimicrobial activities. Here, we review current understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the use of PE as a receptor in the antimicrobial and other biological actions of HDPs and describe medical and biotechnical uses of these peptides, which range from tumour imaging and detection to inclusion in topical microbicidal gels to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. |
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Keywords: | Amyloid-forming host defence peptides Cyclotides Host defence peptides Lantibiotics Lipid receptors Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) PE-binding Maximin H5 |
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