Effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH on opiate tolerance and physical dependence.

In opiate-naive hypophysectomized rats, the enhanced potency of parenterally injected morphine was almost completely normalized by chronic ACTH in doses that maintained adrenal weight. Following morphine pellet implantation, the amount of morphine required for antinociception, catalepsy, and colonic temperature effects in tolerant rats was identical among hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats whether or not chronic ACTH was administered. However, brain levels of morphine were greater in tolerant, hypophysectomized rats, an effect blocked by chronic ACTH. Hypophysectomy thus appears to enhance the magnitude of tolerance development by a mechanism that is reversed by doses of ACTH that maintain adrenal weight. On the other hand, in sham-control rats this dose and schedule of ACTH were without effect on morphine potency in opiate-naive or tolerant rats or on brain levels of morphine. In general, hypophysectomy and/or ACTH did not modify the intensity of abstinence signs following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Therefore, little evidence was obtained to suggest a direct, commanding role of the pituitary in chronic opiate effects. Instead, a secondary adrenal involvement may be important.