Protection of Macaca nemestrina from disease following pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge: utilization of SIV nucleocapsid mutant DNA vaccines with and without an SIV protein boost

Molecular clones were constructed that express nucleocapsid (NC) deletion mutant simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that are replication defective but capable of completing virtually all of the steps of a single viral infection cycle. These steps include production of particles that are viral RNA deficient yet contain a full complement of processed viral proteins. The mutant particles are ultrastructurally indistinguishable from wild-type virus. Similar to a live attenuated vaccine, this approach should allow immunological presentation of a full range of viral epitopes, without the safety risks of replicating virus. A total of 11 Macaca nemestrina macaques were inoculated with NC mutant SIV expressing DNA, intramuscularly (i.m.) in one study and i.m. and subcutaneously in another study. Six control animals received vector DNA lacking SIV sequences. Only modest and inconsistent humoral responses and no cellular immune responses were observed prior to challenge. Following intravenous challenge with 20 animal infectious doses of the pathogenic SIV(Mne) in a long-term study, all control animals became infected and three of four animals developed progressive SIV disease leading to death. All 11 NC mutant SIV DNA-immunized animals became infected following challenge but typically showed decreased initial peak plasma SIV RNA levels compared to those of control animals (P = 0.0007). In the long-term study, most of the immunized animals had low or undetectable postacute levels of plasma SIV RNA, and no CD4(+) T-cell depletion or clinical evidence of progressive disease, over more than 2 years of observation. Although a subset of immunized and control animals were boosted with SIV(Mne) proteins, no apparent protective benefit was observed. Immunization of macaques with DNA that codes for replication-defective but structurally complete virions appears to protect from or at least delay the onset of AIDS after infection with a pathogenic immunodeficiency virus. With further optimization, this may be a promising approach for vaccine development.