Somatic embryogenesis of agriculturally important lupin species (Lupinus angustifolius,L. albus,L. mutabilis)

Somatic embryos were obtained from immature cotyledons of Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus and L. mutabilis but not from L. luteus. Different kinds of basal media and plant growth regulators in primary and secondary culture were tested. The best induction media were based on B5 and were supplemented with 5 mg I^-1 2,4-D alone or with 0.25 mg I^-1 kinetin. Mature stage somatic embryos were obtained on media containing ABA (0.1–0.5 mg I^-1) and a high NH₄/NO₃ ratio. Embryo germination and plantlet development occurred on MS media supplemented with glutamine or GA₃.