Effect of peroxynitrite on human serum albumin: a multi technique approach

In this study, human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein of blood plasma, was modified with varying concentrations of peroxynitrite. The peroxynitrite-induced changes in HSA was monitored by spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS), thermal denaturation studies, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/inonization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Aggregate formation was studied by thioflavin T binding and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, 6-nitrotryptophan, dityrosine, and carbonyls in modified samples and showed retarded mobility in SDS–polyacrylamide gel. Reduction in α-helicity and surface protein hydrophobicity confirmed the secondary and tertiary structure alterations in peroxynitrite-modified-HSA. Also, attachment of nitro group and increase in melting temperature was observed in modified sample. Furthermore, significant enhancement in the fluorescence intensity of ThT upon binding with peroxynitrite-modified-HSA and images under scanning electron microscope are suggestive of protein aggregation. It is, therefore, speculated that HSA modified by endogenously formed peroxynitrite might act as a trigger for nitration/aggregation and suggested the role of peroxynitrite-modified-HSA in SLE.