Anthocyanin content of Tulipa species and cultivars and its impact on tepal colours |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway;2. Department of Food Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark;3. Department of Botany, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway;1. Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China;2. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China;3. School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China;1. Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;2. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China;3. The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;4. Department of Herbal Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;1. National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China;2. National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China;1. Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China;2. Institute of Flower, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China;1. Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;2. Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, PR China;1. College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People’s Republic of China;2. Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China;3. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China;4. National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China;5. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | Flowers of tulips (17 species and 25 cultivars) were subjected to qualitative and relative quantitative examination for anthocyanins. Altogether five anthocyanins were identified as the 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) of delphinidin (1), cyanidin (2) and pelargonidin (3), and the 3-O-6″-O-(2‴-O-acetyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside] of cyanidin (4) and pelargonidin (5). The pigments 1–5 represented 7%, 43%, 12%, 2% and 31%, respectively, of the total anthocyanin amount in the tepals of the Tulipa species, and 20%, 37%, 30%, 6% and 4%, respectively, in the cultivar tepals. Nearly 50% of the samples contained acetylated anthocyanins. The colours of the freeze-dried tepals described by the CIELab coordinates, hue angle (hab), saturation (C*), and lightness (L*) together with the anthocyanin content were subjected to multivariate analysis. All tepals classified with hue angles described as “blue nuances” were from cultivars. They contained 1 as the major anthocyanin, and no or just traces of pelargonidin derivatives. The species and cultivars having “magenta nuances” showed similar anthocyanin content with increased relative proportions of 2 at the expense of 1. Orange coloured tepals were to a large extent correlated with high relative proportions of the pelargonidin derivatives, 3 and 5. Acetylation of anthocyanins furnished a weak colour effect opposite to the bluing effect previously reported for anthocyanins with aromatic acyl groups. All six species belonging to the section Eichleres (subgenus Tulipa) were after principal component analysis grouped closely together. They were characterized by high concentrations of the pelargonidin derivatives 3 and 5, and orange petal nuances. However, within section Tulipa (subgenus Tulipa), considerable anthocyanin variation was observed. Species in the subgenus Eriostemones were generally characterized by the two anthocyanins 1 and 2, and no pelargonidin derivatives. |
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