Incubation temperature affects hatching success,embryonic expenditure of energy and hatchling phenotypes of a prolonged egg-retaining snake,Deinagkistrodon acutus (Viperidae) |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología, CIC-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;2. University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;3. Natural Resources Institute Finland, Suonenjoki Unit, Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland;4. Natural Resources Institute Finland, Vantaa Unit, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland;5. University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Technology, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;6. University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;7. University of Oulu, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Biodiversity Unit, Zoological Museum, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;8. Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pathology, P.O. Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;9. University of Oulu, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;10. Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), P.O. Box 1700, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;11. Municipal Veterinary Clinic of Joensuu, Takilatie 5, FI-80110 Joensuu, Finland;1. Laboratoire d''Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France;2. Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France;3. Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | We used eggs of Deinagkistrodon acutus to study the effects of incubation temperature on hatching success, embryonic expenditure of energy and hatchling phenotypes. One egg from each of the 15 fertile clutches was dissected for determination of egg composition, and a total of 164 eggs were incubated at five constant temperatures. Embryonic mortality increased dramatically at 30 °C, and none of eggs incubated at 32 °C hatched. Within the range from 24 to 30 °C, temperature affected incubation length and most hatchling traits examined. The mean incubation length at 24, 26, 28 and 30 °C was 36.4, 28.7, 21.8 and 15.7 days, respectively. Embryos developing at higher temperatures (28 and 30 °C) consumed more energy but produced less developed (and hence smaller) hatchlings, which characteristically had larger residual yolks but smaller carcasses. A principal component analysis resolved two components (with eigenvalues ?1) from ten size (initial egg mass)-free hatchling variables, accounting for 79.3% of variation in the original data. The first component (43.8% variance explained) had high positive loading for size-free values of dry mass, lipid mass, energy contents and ash mass of hatchlings, and the second component (35.5% variance explained) had high positive loading for size-free values of SVL, carcass dry mass and fatbody dry mass. Hatchlings from different incubation temperatures did not differ in scores on the first axis of the principal component analysis, whereas hatchlings from higher incubation temperatures (28 and 30 °C) had significantly lower scores on the second axis than did those from lower incubation temperatures (24 and 26 °C). As the second axis mainly represents traits relating to the developmental condition at hatching, the analysis therefore provided further evidence that eggs incubated at higher temperatures produced less developed hatchlings. Taken together, our data show that the optimal temperatures for embryonic development are relatively low in D. acutus largely due to its use of relatively cool habitats. |
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