Behaviour and recovery of the secondary metabolite batatasin-III from boreal forest humus: influence of temperature,humus type and microbial community |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea S-901 83, Sweden;2. Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Université de Savoie, 73 376 Bourget-du-Lac, France;1. Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China;1. Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture & Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China;2. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China;1. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e da Natureza – CCMN, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia-PPGG/UFRJ, Brazil;2. Embrapa solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Enéas Pinheiro, S/N 100 Belém, ZIP Code 66095, Pará, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Batatasin-III (3,3′-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl) produced by Empetrum hermaphroditum has been identified as the main metabolite responsible for the chemical interference exerted by the shrub on the surrounding vegetation in the boreal forest of northern Sweden. In earlier studies, batatasin-III has been found to be present in both soil and soil solutions. However, to understand the actual mechanisms by which batatasin-III may interact, we need to know more about the fate and behaviour of the compound in soil. In order to achieve this, we firstly evaluated the efficiency of different extraction methods in recovering batatasin-III from Empetrum humus and found that the highest yield was obtained using ethyl acetate (6.57 ± 20 μg g−1 HDM, least square mean ± SE). In contrast, no detectable amounts of batatasin-III were obtained when extracting the humus with distilled water, 0.125 M citric acid or 0.05 M NaOH. Secondly, we performed a series of experiments in which the recovery of batatasin-III was determined from humus samples exposed to different treatments. In summary, the recovery of batatasin-III was found to be initially strongly dependent on humus type (i.e. humus collected from under a cover of Empetrum, Vaccinium or forest herbs) as well as the temperature and the length of the incubation period. The amount of recovered batatasin-III was in general highest from the Empetrum humus and lowest from the herb humus, contrary to our hypothesis that microorganisms might be better adapted to batatasin-III in humus of the Empetrum origin than in humus of other origin. Regardless of humus type, the recovery was generally higher at +2 °C than at +18 °C suggesting that microbial degradation of batatasin-III did occur. However, when the recovery of batatasin-III from sterile and non-sterile humus was compared, microbial degradation was found to be of minor importance. In addition, no phenolic degradation products of batatasin-III were detected after batatasin-III had been added to non-sterile humus. The obtained results suggest that batatasin-III, when released into humus, becomes physically trapped by organic matter and metabolized by soil microbes to a less extent. |
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