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Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography |
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| Authors: | Mittelbach Gary G Schemske Douglas W Cornell Howard V Allen Andrew P Brown Jonathan M Bush Mark B Harrison Susan P Hurlbert Allen H Knowlton Nancy Lessios Harilaos A McCain Christy M McCune Amy R McDade Lucinda A McPeek Mark A Near Thomas J Price Trevor D Ricklefs Robert E Roy Kaustuv Sax Dov F Schluter Dolph Sobel James M Turelli Michael |
| Affiliation: | W.K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA; Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Botany, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO 63121, USA; Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Section on Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA |
| Abstract: | A latitudinal gradient in biodiversity has existed since before the time of the dinosaurs, yet how and why this gradient arose remains unresolved. Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. The time and area hypothesis holds that tropical climates are older and historically larger, allowing more opportunity for diversification. This hypothesis is supported by observations that temperate taxa are often younger than, and nested within, tropical taxa, and that diversity is positively correlated with the age and area of geographical regions. The diversification rate hypothesis holds that tropical regions diversify faster due to higher rates of speciation (caused by increased opportunities for the evolution of reproductive isolation, or faster molecular evolution, or the increased importance of biotic interactions), or due to lower extinction rates. There is phylogenetic evidence for higher rates of diversification in tropical clades, and palaeontological data demonstrate higher rates of origination for tropical taxa, but mixed evidence for latitudinal differences in extinction rates. Studies of latitudinal variation in incipient speciation also suggest faster speciation in the tropics. Distinguishing the roles of history, speciation and extinction in the origin of the latitudinal gradient represents a major challenge to future research. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity biotic interactions diversification evolutionary speed extinction geographical isolation latitudinal diversity gradient speciation tropics |
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