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Interaction of the retinoic acid signaling pathway with spicule formation in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula through activation of bone morphogenetic protein-1
Authors:Werner EG Müller  Michael Binder  Johannes von Lintig  Yue-Wei Guo  Xiaohong Wang  Jaap A Kaandorp  Matthias Wiens  Heinz C Schröder
Institution:1. ERC Advanced Grant Research Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany;2. Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44160, USA;3. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, CHN-201203 Shanghai, China;4. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, CHN-100037 Beijing, China;5. Section Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract:

Background

The formation of the spicules in siliceous sponges involves the formation of cylinder-like structures in the extraspicular space, composed of the enzyme silicatein and the calcium-dependent lectin.

Scope of review

Molecular cloning of the cDNAs (carotene dioxygenase, retinal dehydrogenase, and BMB-1 bone morphogenic protein-1]) from the demosponge Suberites domuncula was performed. These tools were used to understand the retinoid metabolism in the animal by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and TEM.

Major conclusions

We demonstrate that silintaphin-2, a silicatein-interacting protein, is processed from a longer-sized 15-kDa precursor to a truncated, shorter-sized 13 kDa calcium-binding protein via proteolytic cleavage at the dipeptide Ala↓Asp, mediated by BMP-1. The expression of this protease as well as the expression of two key enzymes of the carotinoid metabolism, the β,β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase and the retinal dehydrogenase/reductase, were found to be strongly up-regulated by retinoic acid. Hence retinoic acid turned out to be a key factor in skeletogenesis in the most ancient still existing metazoans, the sponges.

General significance

It is shown that retinoic acid regulates the formation of the organic cylinder that surrounds the axis of the spicules and enables, as a scaffold, the radial apposition of new silica layers and hence the growth of the spicules.
Keywords:Retinoic acid  BMP-1  β-Carotene dioxygenase  Retinal dehydrogenase  Silicatein  Silintaphin-2
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