Bacterial symbionts in insects: balancing life and death |
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Authors: | Harriet L Harris Lesley J Brennan B Andrew Keddie Henk R Braig |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Biological Sciences,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada;2.Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences,Concordia University College of Alberta,Edmonton,Canada;3.School of Biological Sciences,Bangor University,Bangor,UK |
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Abstract: | Arthropods, particularly insects, form successful long-term symbioses with endosymbiotic bacteria. The associations between
insects and endosymbionts are remarkably stable; many stretch back several hundred million years in evolutionary time. With
the exception, perhaps, of the filarial nematodes no other group of metazoans shows such a proclivility for their intracellular
symbionts. The identification and classification of bacterial symbionts and hosts has grown rapidly over the last two decades
and these relationships form a continuum from classical mutualism to parasitism. Complete genomes have been sequenced for
many of these bacteria and some of their hosts. Now more intractable questions regarding endosymbiosis are being addressed.
Investigations on the role of the host immune system in the maintenance of symbiosis, the nature of bacteriophages and transposable
elements found in the genomes of many bacterial symbionts, and the molecular mechanisms involved in establishing reproductive
phenotypes such as parthenogenesis, male killing, cytoplasmic incompatibility and feminization have been recently reported.
This review will focus on the impact of the secondary endosymbionts Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Spiroplasma on host fitness and immunity and will revisit the question of whether these bacteria are friend or foe from an insect’s point
of view. |
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