博物馆库房环境真菌组成季节性特征研究

【目的】环境真菌是导致博物馆藏品微生物病害的主要原因之一。博物馆库房环境中由于藏品材质、来源和保存环境的差异，其环境真菌具有较高的多样性；在博物馆空调系统的影响下，藏品库房之间还存在真菌扩散的现象。研究不同材质藏品库房空气中真菌组成差异及其种类随季节变化情况，是开展博物馆环境微生物风险预警和防范的基础。【方法】选择某博物馆的铁器库房和丝织品库房，在一年时间内采用撞击法每两个月采样一次，通过ITS rDNA序列对真菌的种类和组成进行分析。【结果】通过扩增子测序，共获得5门20纲184科的真菌信息，其中超过半数存在显著的季节波动。研究结果显示，一方面，铁器库房与丝织品库房存在特异性的、较为稳定的基础真菌菌群，这些真菌受季节波动的影响较小；另一方面，在相对湿度较高的夏季，多种具有蛋白类、纤维素类基质藏品损伤能力的真菌在两类库房出现了显著的富集，对藏品具有潜在威胁。此外，部分真菌在生长过程中会分泌酸类物质，不利于藏品保护。【结论】本研究为博物馆环境有害真菌的防治工作提供了一定科学依据，对博物馆藏品的预防性保护具有重要意义。

Seasonal variations of environmental fungal community composition in museum storerooms

[Objective] Environmental fungi emerge as the principal agents causing microbial deterioration of museum collections. The varying materials and origins of collections and the different storeroom environments in a museum contribute to high diversity of environmental fungi. Additionally, the air conditioning system within a museum may instigate fungal dispersion among storerooms. Recognizing the compositional differences and seasonal variations of fungal communities in the air across varied storerooms underpins the early warning and prevention against microbial hazards in museum settings. [Methods] Sampling was carried out every two months by the impacting method in the iron and silk storerooms of a museum for one year. Fungal species and community composition were examined by ITS rDNA sequencing. [Results] The amplicon sequencing yielded a broad spectrum of fungal data, encompassing five phyla, 20 classes, and 184 families, over half of which displayed notable seasonal changes. Distinct and comparatively consistent fundamental fungal populations existed in both iron and silk storerooms, exhibiting minimal seasonal variations. However, during summer when it was humid, substantial proliferation of the fungi capable of degrading proteinaceous and cellulosic materials was observed in both storerooms, which presented a latent hazard to the collections. Furthermore, it was noted that certain fungi produced acidic by-products during growth, which could compromise the integrity of the collections. [Conclusion] This investigation provides groundwork for the mitigation and management of environmentally derived fungal threats in museum contexts, underscoring importance for the preventive conservation of museum collections.