Sheep prefer clean forage over forage contaminated with military explosives TNT, RDX and HMX |
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| Authors: | Geir Steinheim,Tormod Å dnø y,Ø yvind A. Voie,Ø ystein Holand,Kjetil S. Longva |
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| Affiliation: | aNorwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway;bNorwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division Protection, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway |
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| Abstract: | The common military explosives 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) are distributed in many military training areas, and are thus encountered by grazing animals. The aim of this study was to examine small ruminant's intake of forage contaminated with explosives. An indoor, experimental setup was used to determine if contamination of forage by these compounds affected intake by sheep. The results clearly demonstrate that contamination by any of the three explosives reduced forage intake in sheep; in order of increasing avoidance: RDX < TNT < HMX. The results are discussed in a risk assessment context. |
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| Keywords: | Avoidance Environmental pollution Grazing behaviour Munitions Rangeland grazing |
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