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The NLRP3 inflammasome is differentially activated by pneumolysin variants and contributes to host defense in pneumococcal pneumonia
Authors:Witzenrath Martin  Pache Florence  Lorenz Daniel  Koppe Uwe  Gutbier Birgitt  Tabeling Christoph  Reppe Katrin  Meixenberger Karolin  Dorhoi Anca  Ma Jiangtao  Holmes Ashleigh  Trendelenburg George  Heimesaat Markus M  Bereswill Stefan  van der Linden Mark  Tschopp Jürg  Mitchell Timothy J  Suttorp Norbert  Opitz Bastian
Institution:Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Abstract:Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Pneumococci can be divided into >90 serotypes that show differences in the pathogenicity and invasiveness. We tested the hypotheses that the innate immune inflammasome pathway is involved in fighting pneumococcal pneumonia and that some invasive pneumococcal types are not recognized by this pathway. We show that human and murine mononuclear cells responded to S. pneumoniae expressing hemolytic pneumolysin by producing IL-1β. This IL-1β production depended on the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Some serotype 1, serotype 8, and serotype 7F bacteria, which have previously been associated with increased invasiveness and with production of toxins with reduced hemolytic activity, or bacterial mutants lacking pneumolysin did not stimulate notable IL-1β production. We further found that NLRP3 was beneficial for mice during pneumonia caused by pneumococci expressing hemolytic pneumolysin and was involved in cytokine production and maintenance of the pulmonary microvascular barrier. Overall, the inflammasome pathway is protective in pneumonia caused by pneumococci expressing hemolytic toxin but is not activated by clinically important pneumococcal sequence types causing invasive disease. The study indicates that a virulence factor polymorphism may substantially affect the recognition of bacteria by the innate immune system.
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