时空监测海水浴场粪大肠菌群和人类腺病毒方法的探讨（英文稿）

[目的]人类腺病毒(40/41)与人类急性胃肠炎显著相关,被用作娱乐水体中人类病毒污染的指示生物.粪大肠菌群(FC)作为传统的细菌指示生物,用来估计水环境中病原微生物的潜在风险.了解水传播的病原微生物的时空分布对公众健康和疾病的预防具有十分重要的意义.[方法]于2008年5月到10月,在中国10个典型海水浴场共采集30个表层海水样品,分别用定量PCR和细胞培养的方法分析人类腺病毒和FC.[结果]腺病毒的含量为1.7×106-1.1×108基因拷贝/L,其阳性检出率为30％,而普通PCR的阳性检出率为26.7％.其中7个海水浴场的FC超出了景观娱乐水质标准(2 000 CFU/L).时间分布趋势表明,人类腺病毒从8月份到10月份的污染较其他月份严重(P＜0.05).在该实验条件下,不论是在同一浴场的不同站位还是在不同浴场,腺病毒的空间分布差异都不明显(P＞0.05).同样,FC在不同浴场的时空分布也无明显差异(P＞0.05),但是其分布与离岸距离的远近显著相关(P＜0.05).此外,在我们所研究的浴场,细菌和病毒这两种指示生物之间并没有相关性.[结论]为避免在游泳季节胃肠道疾病的大规模爆发,必须加强卫生设施建设和肠道细菌、病毒两种指示生物的监测.

Research on the methodology of spatial-temporal distribution of fecal coliform and human adenoviruses in bathing beaches

[Objective] Human adenoviruses (40/41) have been related to acute gastroenteritis, and used as an index of human viral pollution in bathing waters. Traditionally, fecal coliform (FC) was used as an bacterial indicator by using cultivation techniques to estimate risks posed by pathogen in environmental samples. The spatial-temporal detection of waterborne pathogens is of great importance to public health and the prevention of illness. [Methods] In this study, a total of 30 bathing water samples were collected from ten representative bathing beaches of China from May to October, 2008. The quantification of human adenoviruses and FC were analyzed. [Results] The concentrations of adenoviruses ranged from 1.7×106 to 1.1×108 genomic copies/L detected by real-time PCR assay. Occurrence of adenoviruses was determined by real-time PCR and compared to that of common PCR, the positive rate was 30% and 26.7%, respectively. The FC values in seven sampling beaches were higher than 2?000?CFU/L. The temporal distribution trend of adenoviruses presented from August to October were much more than that of other months (p<0.05). Under this experimental conditions, when the sample areas changed in spatial scale, including not only among these ten bathing beaches, but also among different sites of each beach, adenovirus distribution had no obvious difference (p>0.05). Results also showed that spatial and temporal variation of FC were not significant (p>0.05). While there was a correlation between the concentration of FC and the distance from the seashore (P<0.05). The result further confirmed that bacterial and viral indicators were not correlated with each other in the chosen beaches. [Conclusion] In order to prevent a major outbreak of gastroenteritis disease in the swimming season, the monitoring of viral and bacterial indicators as well as sanitation management must be strengthened.