The role of xanthine oxidoreductase and uric acid in metabolic syndrome |
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Authors: | Maria Giulia Battelli Massimo Bortolotti Letizia Polito Andrea Bolognesi |
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Affiliation: | Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy |
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Abstract: | Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) could contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome through the oxidative stress and the inflammatory response induced by XOR-derived reactive oxygen species and uric acid. Hyperuricemia is strongly linked to hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The serum level of XOR is correlated to triglyceride/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, fasting glycemia, fasting insulinemia and insulin resistance index. Increased activity of endothelium-linked XOR may promote hypertension. In addition, XOR is implicated in pre-adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. XOR and uric acid play a role in cell transformation and proliferation as well as in the progression and metastatic process. Collected evidences confirm the contribution of XOR and uric acid in metabolic syndrome. However, in some circumstances XOR and uric acid may have anti-oxidant protective outcomes. The dual-face role of both XOR and uric acid explains the contradictory results obtained with XOR inhibitors and suggests caution in their therapeutic use. |
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Keywords: | COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2 FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide HDL high-density lipoprotein LDL low-density lipoprotein Moco molybdopterin cofactor NO nitric oxide PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome RNS reactive nitrogen species ROS reactive oxygen species TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta XDH xanthine dehydrogenase XO xanthine oxidase XOR xanthine oxidoreductase Cardiovascular diseases Metabolic syndrome Oncogenesis Oxidative stress Uric acid Xanthine oxidoreductase |
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