Analysis of the efficacy,safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine |
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Authors: | Ralf Jäger Martin Purpura Andrew Shao Toshitada Inoue Richard B Kreider |
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Institution: | (1) Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA;(2) Council for Responsible Nutrition, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 510, Washington, DC, 20036, USA;(3) Healthy Navi Co., Ltd., 3-18-1-801, Minami-rokugo, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0045, Japan;(4) Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 158 Read Building, TAMU 4243, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA; |
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Abstract: | Creatine has become one of the most popular dietary supplements in the sports nutrition market. The form of creatine that
has been most extensively studied and commonly used in dietary supplements is creatine monohydrate (CM). Studies have consistently
indicated that CM supplementation increases muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations by approximately 15–40%, enhances
anaerobic exercise capacity, and increases training volume leading to greater gains in strength, power, and muscle mass. A
number of potential therapeutic benefits have also been suggested in various clinical populations. Studies have indicated
that CM is not degraded during normal digestion and that nearly 99% of orally ingested CM is either taken up by muscle or
excreted in urine. Further, no medically significant side effects have been reported in literature. Nevertheless, supplement
manufacturers have continually introduced newer forms of creatine into the marketplace. These newer forms have been purported
to have better physical and chemical properties, bioavailability, efficacy, and/or safety profiles than CM. However, there
is little to no evidence that any of the newer forms of creatine are more effective and/or safer than CM whether ingested
alone and/or in combination with other nutrients. In addition, whereas the safety, efficacy, and regulatory status of CM is
clearly defined in almost all global markets; the safety, efficacy, and regulatory status of other forms of creatine present
in today’s marketplace as a dietary or food supplement is less clear. |
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